Friday, May 27, 2016

Full Information About Family

Family

Family is a word that is not foreign to our ears all. Everyone knows what it is family friendly and has Family. But there is no doubt there are many among us who do not quite understand what that family. Family is a collection of (combined) some people who live in the same place, which is formed for their blood, marriage or adoption.

Definition of the family according to experts:
  1. The family is two or more individuals who join because of their relationship by blood, marriage, or adoption. They interact with each other, have their respective roles and creating and maintaining a culture (Bailon and Maglaya, 1989).
  2. A family is a group of people linked by ties of marriage, adaptation, and births that aims to create and maintain a common culture, promote the development of physical, mental, social and emotional as well as individuals who are in it, in view of the regular interaction and in mark their dependencies and relationships to achieve common objectives (Duval, 1972).
  3. Burgess, and friends (1963). Burgess and his colleagues declare that (1) family consists of people who are united by the bond of marriage, blood, and bonding adoption, (2) the members of a family often live together in one house or if live separately, they continue to take the household as their families, (3) the family members interact and communicate with each other in a social role. Families such as husband and wife, father and mother, son and girl, brothers and sisters, (4) using the same family of the same culture, namely the culture taken from people with some unique features of its own .
  4. Fitzpatrick (2004), gives the definition of family in a way to review them under three different viewpoints, that is.
    • Understanding the basis of Structural Family: Family is defined by the presence or absence of family members, such as parents, children, and other relatives. This definition focuses on anyone who is a part of a family. From this perspective gained an understanding of the family as the origin (families of origin), the family as a vehicle to produce offspring (families of Procreation), and the nuclear family (extended family).
    • Definition of Family in Functional: This definition focuses on the tasks performed by the family, family is defined with an emphasis on the fulfillment of the tasks and psycho social functions. Those functions include maintenance functions, socialization of children, emotional support and material, as well as the fulfillment of certain roles.
    • Definition of Family in Transactional: This definition focuses on how families carry out its function. The family is defined as a group that developed intimacy through behaviors that bring a sense of identity as a family (family identity), in the form of emotional ties, historical experience, as well as the ideals of the future.
The Characteristics of The Family
The characteristics of families in each country is different depending on the culture, philosophy, and ideology of their respective countries.

Characteristics of Family in Indonesia.
  1. Has a very close family ties are based on the spirit of mutual assistance.
  2. It is a unified whole that is informed by cultural values oriental viscous have a great responsibility.
  3. Generally led by a husband as head of the household is dominant in the decision even though the process through consultation and consensus
  4. A little different between urban and rural living. Who live in the countryside is still traditional, simple, respect each other, and a little hard to accept new innovations.
The characteristics of the family according to Robert Maclver and Charles Morton Page.
  1.  A marital relationship.
  2. The shape of an institution related to the marital relationship or maintained deliberately in shape,
  3. Has a system of nomenclature, including the calculation of lineage,
  4. Has the economic function in shape by its members regarding the ability to have children and raise children.
  5. Having a shared dwelling, home or household.
So we can conclude that the family is the smallest unit of society, consisting of two or more people, organized under the care of the head of the family (father or mother), has the role and function of each, and has a unique individual and the values and norms of life that is based culture system.

Family Type
According to Friedman (1998) family type of two types of non-traditional family and traditional family.

1. The traditional family:

  • Nuclear family or nuclear family is a household consisting of a husband, wife and child birth or adoption of children.
  • Extended family or extended family is a nuclear family plus another family who have blood relations, for example grandparents, aunts and uncles.
  • Dyad family is a family consisting of a husband and wife who live in a home with no children.
  • Single parent family is a family consisting of the parents and children (biological or adoptive). This condition can be caused by divorce or death.
  • Single adult is a household consisting of one adult.
  • Elderly family is a family consisting of a husband and wife who are elderly.
2. Type of non-traditional family:

  • Communy family consisting of one family without blood ties, living in one house.
  • Parents (father, mom) that no marriages and children living together in one household.
  • Homosexual and lesbian is a kind of two individuals who live together in one house and behave like husband and wife.
Meanwhile, according to Marilyn M. Friedman (1998) family can be divided into three types:

  1. The nuclear family (conjugal). Families were married. As a parent or provider. The nuclear family consisting of a husband, wife, and children (biological children, adopted children).
  2. Family orientation (family of origin). The family unit where one was born.
  3. The family is great. The nuclear family and other people who have blood relations, for example, relatives, grandparents, cousins, uncles and aunts.
Forms of Family
Family form a portrait of social differences, behavior, culture and lifestyle. Sussman, et al divide families into seven (7) forms:

  1. The nuclear family. The nuclear family consisting of a husband (breadwinner), a wife (housewife), and children.
  2. The traditional extended family. Traditional large family is a family form that couples alike make arrangements and expenditure of households with parents, relatives and other relatives in the family.
  3. Families with a single parent. This family has only one head of household, the father or mother (widower / widow / or unmarried).
  4. Individual adults who live alone. This form is widely available in the community. They live in groups such as in a nursing home, but there is also a recluse.
  5. Families with stepparents.
  6. Family binuklear. Binuklear family refers to the form of the family after the divorce so that the child becomes a member of a family system that consists of two core household.
  7. Shape variations of nontraditional families. Variations of nontraditional families include family forms are very different from one another, both in the structure and dynamics.
Besides the family can be grouped into several forms based on lineage, marriage type, the settlements, family members and power.

Based on lineage 

  1. Patrilinear is incestuous offspring consisting of blood relatives within a few generations, where the relationship was arranged through the paternal line.
  2. Matrilineal is run in families consisting of blood relatives within a few generations where relationships are arranged through the maternal line.
Based marriage type

  1. Monogamy is a family in which there is a husband with a wife.
  2. Polygamy is a family in which there is a husband with more than one wife.
Based Settlement

  1. Patrilocal are married couples living together or close to the family of flesh and husband.
  2. Matrilocal is that couples, living together or close to the family of the wife.
  3. Neolocal were married couples, staying away from the family of husband and wife.
Based Family Members

  1. The nuclear family (Nuclear Family) is a family consisting of father, mother and children.
  2. Large families (Extended Family) is added to the core family relatives. For example: brother, grandmother, niece, and others.
  3. Family Chain (Serial Family) is a family terdiiri of women and men who married more than once and is the nuclear family.
  4. Family widower / widow (Single Family) is a family that occurs due to divorce or death.
  5.  Family Composite is a family polygamous marriage and life together.
  6. Family Cahabitation are two people who happen without marriage but form a family.
Based Power

  1. The patriarchal family is the dominant and holding power in the family is the part of the father.
  2. Matrikal is the dominant family and holding power in the family is the mother's side.
  3. Equalitarium are a family who hold power are the father and mother
The role of family
The role of the family describe a set of interpersonal behavior, characteristics and activities associated with individuals in positions and situations. Based on the individual's role in the family and society. There are various roles in the family are as follows:

  • The role of the father: the father as the husband of the wife and father of her children, the role of breadwinner, educator, protector and giver a sense of security as the head of the family, members of social groups as well as from members of the public on the environment.
  • The role of mothers: mothers as a wife and mother of his children. Mother has the role of taking care of the household, as caregivers and educators of their children, protective and as one of a group of social role as well as community members from the environment, in addition to the mother may also act as an additional income earner in the family.
  • Role of children: children in the role of psycho social accordance with the level of physical, mental, social and spiritual.
Family Functions
According to Friedman (1998), there are five family functions, namely:

  1. Function affective (the Affective Function) is a major family function to teach anything to prepare family members to relate to others. This function is needed for the development of the individual and psycho social family members.
  2. The function of socialization is the process of development and change through which individuals produce social interaction and learn to play a role in their social environment. Socialization begins at birth. This function is useful to promote socialization in children, , establish norms of behavior in accordance with the child's developmental level and pass on values and family culture.
  3. The function of reproduction (the reproduction function) is a function to maintain and sustain the generation of the family.
  4. The economic function (the economic function), the family serves to meet the needs of families economically and to develop an individual's ability to meet the needs of increasing income families.
  5. The function of treatment or maintenance of health (the health care function) is to maintain the state of health of family members to keep a high productivity. This function is developed into a family tasks in the field of health.
But with changing times, developed into a family function:

  • The economic function, the family is expected to be a productive family that is able to produce value-added economy by utilizing the resources of the family.
  • Function gain social status, the family can be viewed and categorized by social strata different other families nearby.
  • The function of education, the family has a role and a great responsibility towards their children's education to face adult life.
  • The function of socialization for their children, that parents or family is expected to create a social life that is similar to the outdoors.
  • The function of the provision of health, the family is expected to meet the basic needs of the primary in order to protect and prevention of diseases that may be experienced by the family.
  • Religious functions, the family is the place to learn about the religion and the teachings of religion.
  • The function of recreation, the family is the place to do activities that can reduce the tension of being outdoors.
  • The function of reproduction, which is not only developing offspring but also a place to develop a thorough reproductive functions, including healthy sexual and fiber quality sex education for children.
  • Function affective, that the family is the primary place for meeting psycho social needs before family members outside the home.
Of some family functions above, there are three main functions of the family against family members, among others, compassion, which gives affection, attention and sense of security, warmth to family members so as to enable them to grow and develop according to the age and needs. While foster care, that is, toward the needs of maintenance and care of children so that their health is always maintained so expect them to be children who are healthy physically, mentally, socially and spiritually. And sharpening, which meets the educational needs of children so it is ready for independent adult human traffic system in preparing future.

Family duties in the field of health
According to the Friedman family has a duty under health maintenance business are as follows:

  1. Know the health problems of each member of the family.
  2. Taking the decision to do the right thing for the family.
  3. Providing care for its members who are ill or who are unable to help themselves due to disability or age too young.
  4. Maintaining a favorable atmosphere at home health and development of the personality of the family members.
  5. Maintaining the interrelationships between families and health institutions by utilizing the existing health care facilities
Stage of Development of The Family
According friedman (1998), stage of development of the family based on family life cycle is divided into 8 stages:

  • The new family (beginning family), which is the marriage of a man who marks the beginning of a new family. Family at this stage has the task of development, namely the relationship and mutual satisfaction, establish common goals, relationships with other family, friends, social groups and plan a child or family planning.
  • Family'm parenting (child bearing family), which begins with the first birth until the baby is 30 months old. Has tasks such as preparation of infant development, dividing roles and responsibilities, adaptation pattern of sexual relations, knowledge about pregnancy, childbirth and parenthood.
  • Families with pre-school aged children, namely ancestry with the first child aged 30 months to 6 years. Has the task of development, namely the dividing of time, financial arrangements, planning the next birth and dividing responsibilities with other family members.
  • Families with school-age children, as the first child 13 years old. The task of the development of this family, which provides activities for children, financial arrangements, cooperation in solving problems, pay attention to the satisfaction of family members and family communication system
  • Families with children, by the age of 13 years for the First child up to 20 years. This family developmental task is to provide the facilities needs of different families, including families in a responsible and maintain a philosophy of life.
  • Families with an adult child, the family with her first child, left home with the developmental tasks of the family, reorganize resources and facilities, arrangement of responsibilities between children, maintain open communication, releasing the child and get in-law.
  • Family of middle age, which began when the last child left behind home and ends at retirement. The developmental task of maintaining a pleasant atmosphere, responsible for all household chores, fostering familiarity with the couple, maintain contact with the child and participate in social activities.
  • Families elderly, the last stage of the family life cycle starting from one couple retired, continues until one partner dies. The task of the development of this family, which is facing a pension, mutual care, gives meaning to life, to maintain contact with the children, grandchildren and society.
Reference Source :
Ali, H. Zaidin. 2006. Introduction to nursing family. Jakarta: Book Medical Publishers EGC.

Friedman, M.M. (1998). Family Nursing: Research, Theory and Practice. (4th Ed.). Norwalk CT: Alpleton & Lange

Lestari, Sri. 2012. Family Psychology: Planting Values and Conflict Resolution in the Family. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group.

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